T-Value: A new direction for temporary works design


Working platforms and piling mats

Temporary working platforms are important aspect of many construction projects, providing stable and safe working areas. Piling mats are working platforms designed specifically to carry the heavy static and dynamic loads from piling rigs, their support cranes and associated equipment.

Often placed over weaker subgrades, temporary working platforms are typically built using well-graded, compacted granular fill, such as natural gravels and crushed rock, as well as recycled demolition material. Geogrids can be incorporated in the granular material to stabilise it and increase bearing capacity, and platforms are designed to be free-draining, to prevent a build-up of water on the surface.

Contents

  1. The importance of safety
  2. Designing temporary working platforms and piling mats 
  3. Design Guidance
  4. Verification of working platforms through plate load testing
  5. The benefits of stabilising geogrids in working platforms
  6. Tensar's T-Value method
  7. How T-Value differs from other methods
  8. Verification of the T-Value method through laboratory testing
  9. Verification of the T-Value method through field trials
  10. Applying the T-Value Method in Practice at HS2 Stoneleigh Park
  11. Acceptance of the T-Value method

The importance of safety

The UK’s Federation of Piling Specialists (FPS), estimates that a third of all dangerous occurrences reported by its members are related to piling mats – a soft spot just 1m2 can cause a rig to topple, with the potential for devastating consequences. Safety in design, construction and maintenance is obviously of paramount importance.

Source: http://www.heavyliftnews.com/accidents/tragic-crane-accident-vungtau-vietnam

The FPS recommends that piling mats should be inspected daily to ensure they are in proper working condition. If any excavations, trenches or holes have formed in the surface, they must be properly backfilled to ensure they are as stable as the rest of the mat.

Every site with an operational piling rig has to have a Working Platform Certificate, which confirms the piling mat has been properly designed, and constructed in accordance with the design, and that it will be regularly inspected and maintained. This is signed by the principal contractor and provided to the piling contractor before work starts.

Designing temporary working platforms and piling mats

Temporary working platform design should be carried out by a competent person, and preferably a geotechnical engineer. Design depends on ground conditions and the groundwater regime, and so requires sufficient ground investigation data.

Platform thickness depends on subgrade strength, the platform materials and, of course, the expected construction loads – piling machinery, in particular, is some of the heaviest on site. It is important to have a platform that can provide sufficient bearing capacity for safe working, while being economic and straightforward to construct.

If the platform is being built over particularly loose and weak soils, additional ground treatment may be needed before it is built.

Design guidance for working platforms and piling mats

The key document for UK designers is BR470 Working platforms for tracked plant, which includes guidance on the design, construction, operation and maintenance of working platforms. It was written by by the Building Research Establishment under the direction of the FPS.

In 2011, BRE published a supplementary document, Use of structural geosynthetic reinforcement – A BRE review seven years on. This recognises that alternative design methods can be used, including platforms built using granular material mechanically stabilised with geogrid, as long as designs are based on ‘credible and representative’ research and project case studies.

Other guidance includes:

Verification of working platforms through plate load testing

BR470 recommends that the design and construction of working platforms should be carried out using plate load tests.

A plate load test involves the increasing loading of a circular steel plate placed on a ground surface and measuring the settlement induced, to determine bearing capacity.

Plate load tests typically use 0.3m or 0.6m diameter plates, with the size of the pressure bulb created (and therefore the depth of ground being tested) being related directly to the size of the plate – typically twice its diameter (so about 0.6m depth for a 0.3m diameter plate).

If two tests using different size plates are carried out on the same piece of ground, the results will differ, as the volume of soil being tested is different. This can cause issues when plate load testing a working platform, where there are two distinct layers: a stronger, compacted granular material layer over a weaker subgrade.

If the platform is thicker than 0.6m, then a 0.3m diameter plate load test will only determine the bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of the granular layer and not of the weaker ground beneath.

So, while results from tests using 0.3m diameter plates can be used for quality control – to check the platform has been compacted correctly and meets specification – they are inadequate for assessing the safe bearing capacity of the platform.

A better approach, and one Tensar advises, is to use a larger plate closer in size to the width of the load imposed by the construction equipment (field testing used to verify the T-Value design method used a 1m square plate).

This means the test will create a pressure bulb similar in size, and depth, to the one created by a rig’s tracks. As a result, the settlement characteristics of both the platform and subgrade will be measured, giving a more accurate assessment of its ultimate (and safe) bearing capacity.

The benefits of stabilising geogrids in working platforms

Incorporating stabilising geogrids in the granular material used to form a working platform can improve bearing capacity, while being up to half the thickness of a non-stabilised granular layers.

This is because of the interlocking mechanism and particle confinement that develops between the aggregate and the geogrid. This prevents lateral movement of the granular material, creating a mechanically stabilised layer that increases bearing capacity and controls differential settlement.

Additionally, lower quality and recycled granular fill can be used and together, this can save time and money through reduced excavation and imported materials, as well as reducing the platform’s carbon footprint.

However, while the 2011 supplementary document to BR470 Use of structural geosynthetic reinforcement – A BRE review seven years on, considers geosynthetics, because their effects are based upon individual manufacturers’ guidance, this can lead to inconsistency and uncertainty for designers and engineers carrying out design checks.

This can mean that geosynthetics are not specified, so potential benefits and savings are missed. This missed opportunity led to the development of the Tensar T-Value design method.

Tensar’s T-Value method

Tensar’s T-value method enables a more accurate assessment of the positive effect of stabilising geogrids on the bearing capacity of a granular working platform.

Applicable to a range of working platform materials, in different ground conditions, the method allows designs with, or without, geogrid to be compared, including for very low subgrade shear strengths. It can also be applied to surface and shallow embedded foundations, with dry or saturated granular layers.

The T-Value method is based on the relationship between the bearing capacity and load transfer efficiency of the granular layer. This is expressed as a T-value, which depends on the shear strengths of the granular layer and the subgrade beneath. While scientifically rigorous, the method is simple to use with measurable input parameters (ie the coefficient of friction and undrained shear strength).

This means that, for the first time, the full benefits of stabilising geogrids can be incorporated consistently in designs for working platforms. It delivers verifiable designs that can reduce platform thickness and improve bearing capacity, cutting construction costs by up to 30% and reducing a platform’s carbon footprint by up to 40%.

How T-Value differs from other Piling mat methods

While BR470 considers geosynthetics, their effects are based upon manufacturers’ guidance, which can lead to inconsistency and uncertainty during design checks. Existing methods are either overly-simplified (eg a common load spread angle for all cases) or use obscure, hard-to-understand empirical input parameters.

Furthermore, a granular material’s bearing capacity and a geosynthetic’s tensile strength are considered separately. This is inappropriate to stabilising geogrids because, as discussed, rather than acting in tension to reinforce granular material, the aggregate and geogrid perform as a composite, due to interlocking and particle confinement in the geogrid’s apertures.

What makes the T-Value method different from other methods is that, for the first time, the performance of a composite of granular material and stabilising geogrid can be analysed. This gives a truer prediction of performance and also allows designers to compare this performance with that of non-stabilised materials.

While in theory, the T-Value Method can be applied to other granular materials and geogrids, the relationship between the T-Value and subgrade strength that has been derived is for Tensar geogrids alone. If other aggregates and geogrids are to be used, the relationship must be derived through FEA and laboratory testing and validated using full-scale testing appropriate to the platform or foundation being built.

Verification of the T-Value method through laboratory testing

The T-Value method was developed using finite element analysis (FEA) of granular layers stabilised with geogrid.

However, FEA models used in geotechnical design characterise geogrid in terms of its in-air tensile stiffness or strength properties, together with the mechanical characteristics of the soil without geogrid, often measured using triaxial tests.

This can lead to significant under-prediction of stabilisation geogrid performance, because this depends critically on the mechanical interlock between the aggregate particles and the geogrid apertures.

Triaxial testing of the aggregate and geogrid together overcomes this, as it enables the performance of a composite material to be measured. Testing has to be carried out at a much larger scale to overcome particle size effects, typically on 0.5m diameter, 1m long samples, with a single disc (or more) of geogrid placed at the midpoint of the dry, compacted aggregate.

Tensar used large scale triaxial testing on different combinations of aggregate and geogrid to verify that the stabilisation effect could be measured, as part of the development of the T-Value method.

More than 500 tests were carried out and results showed that peak shear strength in geogrid-stabilised aggregate was enhanced, compared with non-stabilised aggregate. In other words, more stress was needed to shear and dilate the sample and larger strains were needed to cause significant softening of the stabilised granular material, compared with the non-stabilised material.

Verification of the T-Value method through field trials

The T-Value method has also been tested in the real world, with Tensar teaming up with the University of Saskatchewan in Canada to carry out full-scale plate load tests of a trial section of granular working platform on a clay subgrade.

Testing, using two 20t trucks as a reaction force, was carried out on 0.25m and 0.5m thick granular platforms, on sections with, and without, stabilising geogrid.

A 1m square plate was used to create a pressure bulb similar in size, and depth, to the one created by the track of a piling rig or crane. This, gave a more accurate assessment of ultimate (and safe) bearing capacity of the platform, compared with conventional tests using 0.3m or 0.6m diameter plates.

Applying the T-Value Method in Practice at HS2 Stoneleigh Park

£250k est. reduction in construction cost
75% est. reduction in construction time
75% est. reduction in carbon emmisions

As an alternative to traditional methods, a leaner working platform was required for the Stoneleigh Park Overbridge piling operations, which needed to address the issues of high rig track pressures over a variable subgrade.

Following comprehensive geotechnical investigation, the subgrade conditions were identified as variable; between cohesive and granular over the 5,000m2 area. The project team aimed to also substantially reduce the volumes of imported fill to be used in the platform’s construction and maintenance.

Using the updated T-value method in conjunction with Tensar’s best ever performing geogrid, Tensar InterAx, a mechanically-stabilised solution was proposed, resulting in significant quantifiable savings in whole life construction time, cost and embodied carbon emissions.

You can view the full HS2 Stoneleigh Park Success Story here.

Acceptance of the T-Value method

The T-Value method has been welcomed by industry, having been used on projects around the world since its introduction in 2019. Additionally, a number of academic papers have been published in industry journals, outlining the theory behind the method:

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